If you are interested in growing species primulas, then growing them from seed should be your first priority. Why?

• Species grown from wild seed will be true and will show natural variation.

• The best seed set and most vigorous plants come from the cross of pins and thrums. Growing plenty of seedlings ensures that you have both types.

• Some primulas are short-lived and need to be raised frequently to keep them going.

• Seedlings are generally virus free, whereas divisions may not be.

• Old plants decrease in vigor and may not flower as frequently.

AND.... it's fun!

Primula seed can be obtained from many sources including seed exchanges and commercial vendors. Unless you obtain seed from a friend's garden or your own, it is unlikely to be fresh. Fresh seed usually germinates quickly at room temperature but seed that is several months old and dormant may be reluctant to germinate.

These are the methods I use to germinate primula seed:

1. Room Temperature - Pot is filled with moist seed starting mix, gently tamped down. Seed is sown on the surface with a layer of grit (see below). The pot is watered from the bottom by placing it in a shallow dish of water. Remove the pot from the water and place it with others in a tray. I use a clear plastic tray cover to keep the humidity high. The tray is placed under fluorescent lights in a basement room where the temperature is cool (10C-15C). The air under the lid gets warm when the lights are on, but cools down once they are off. If the seeds don't germinate within a month, then they go outside!

2. Cold stratify - Pot is sown as above, but is then placed in an unheated garage over winter. I don't have to worry above the tray lid blowing off, or animals or weather disturbing the pots as I would if they were outside. The pots freeze solid and then experience repeated freeze/thaw in the spring. I can't put the trays near a window in the garage, so I have a set of fluorescent lights that I use once the seeds start to germinate. I have also stratified seeds by placing them in a sealed plastic bag with a small amount of moist mix and keeping them in the fridge for 3 months before sowing them. I found this to be a bit fussy, so I don't do it anymore. If you do, be sure to check the fridge periodically for germination.

3. Treat with Gibberelic Acid (GA-3) - Seeds are soak in GA-3, then sown using either method above. GA-3 has been used successfully on seeds of many plants to induce them to germinate. I have found that  GA-3 does have a marked effect on Primula seed including quicker germination, eliminating the need for a cold period in some species and giving a higher percent germination.

To Grit or Not to Grit?
Whether you dress your seed pots with grit or not is personal preference. I sow the seeds on the surface of the seed starting mix, then add a layer of fine, sharp, granite grit over top. Just enough to cover the mix. I spray the grit with water containing a small amount of 'No Damp' fungicide. Some people put the grit down first, add the seeds on top and water them in with a fine mist. The grit keeps the surface humid and I don't have problems with the seed leaves stuck in a dried up seed coat.

Using GA-3

I use washed, styrofoam egg cartons, lid removed and cut into 2 six-packs as my containers. I label each eggcup with a pen, using a different letter for each one. Seeds from one package are put into one eggcup. A label is made with the name of the seed and the eggcup letter on it. A very small amount of GA-3 powder is added - the amount that stays on the end of a rounded  toothpick. 6-10 drops of warm water are added to each cup and the six-pack is carefully slipped into a sealable plastic bag to prevent evaporation. The seeds are soaked until they swell - no more than 1 day and often after a couple of hours. The seeds are fished out of each eggcup with a toothpick and sowed as normal with the pre-made label to identify it. Leaving the seed to soak for days or until the seed germinates in solution tends to produce elongated and weak seedlings. GA-3 is a chemical and must be handled properly. See your supplier for details.

When should I transplant my seedlings?
Some people transplant their seedlings as soon as the seedlings produce their first set of true leaves. I like to wait longer than that - until the primula seedling produces its first anchor roots. These are roots that appear from the base of the plant and above the main root. They are thick and white and not as fragile as the feeder roots that are produced off the main root. For very small primulas or those that seem to be slow growing, leave the seedlings in the pot even longer - until you have small plants.  Handle them carefully by a leaf and keep root disturbance to a minimum while transplanting. Fertilize at half strength. Some primulas hate being in pots, notably P. nivalis.

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